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NOTES  ON  THE 

SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL 


BY 

HUGH  SEARS   LOWTHER 


THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PHILOSOPHY 
OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  IN  PARTIAL  FULFILL- 
MENT OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 
DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPAK 

LANCASTER,  PA. 

1906 


NOTES  ON  THE 

SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL 


BY 

HUGH   SEAES  LOWTHER 


THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PHILOSOPHY 
OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  IN  PARTIAL  FULFILL- 
MENT OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 
DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA. 

1906 


PKEFACE. 

These  notes  represent  an  abridgment  of  a  doctoral  disserta- 
tion presented  to  the  Faculty  of  the  Department  of  Philosophy 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  June,  1904.  I  wish  to 
acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  the  Harrison  Foundation  of 
that  University  for  the  leisure  it  allowed  me  in  the  working 
up  of  a  rather  abundant  material,  and  to  thank  Professors  Rolfe 
and  McDaniel  for  their  kind  aid  and  valuable  suggestions. 

H.  S.  L. 
COLLEGE  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YOBK,  March,  1906. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Notwithstanding  the  large  number  of  dissertations  dealing 
with  the  syntax  of  special  authors  that  have  appeared  in  the 
past  and  are  still  appearing  in  apparently  undiminished  num- 
bers both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  especially  in  Germany, 
the  syntax  of  Martial  has  never  been  systematically  treated  as 
a  whole.  How  large  is  the  number  of  such  dissertations  and 
how  great  a  proportion  of  them  appear  in  Germany  may  be 
seen  from  the  list  given  in  the  third  volume  (pp.  88-96)  of  the 
Historische  Grammatik  der  lateinischen  Sprache1 ;  and  this 
list  does  not  include  works  on  particular  points  of  syntax  con- 
nected with  special  authors,  but  only  such  works  as  deal  with 
the  syntax  of  an  author  as  a  whole. 

It  is  true  that  certain  points  in  connection  with  the  syntax 
of  Martial  have  been  investigated.  The  most  ambitious  at- 
tempts are  the  dissertations  of  O.  Guttman,  Observationum  in 
Marcum  Valerium  Martialem  Particulae  Quinque,2  of  which 
two  Particulae  deal  with  points  of  syntax,  Part  I,  pp.  1-30, 
with  the  dative  case,  and  Part  III,  pp.  40-45,  with  the  plu- 
perfect tense;  of  H.  Seeding,  De  Infinitivi  apud  Martialem 
Usurpatione3 ;  and  of  G.  Meinzer,  De  Genetivi  apud  Martialem 
et  Juvenalem  usu  syntactico.4  The  use  of  the  verb  licet  ap- 
pears in  Renn's  Beitraege  zu  Martial5  and  valuable  grammat- 
ical notes  are  often  given  by  Friedlaender  in  his  edition6  and 
by  Walter  Gilbert  in  his  programs.7  To  show  the  need  felt 
for  a  thorough  treatment  of  the  syntax  of  Martial,  I  may  cite 
the  fact  that  Landgraf,  in  the  Historische  Grammatik,  in  treat- 
Leipzig,  1903. 

2Diss.  inaug.  Vratisl.,  1866. 

3Diss.  inaug.  Marburg.,  1891. 

*  Diss.  inaug.  Friburg.,  Karlsruhe,  1894. 

5B1.  f.  d.  Bayer.  Gymnasialschulwesen  XVII  (1881),  p.  444  f. 

6  Leipzig,  1886. 

7  See  bibliography  following. 


Vi         NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

ing  of  the  perfect  subjunctive  with  ne  in  prohibitives,  passes 
over  the  usage  of  Martial.1  The  ordinary  school  Latin  Gram- 
mars rarely  give  illustrations  from  Martial. 

A  few  years  ago  there  appeared  an  interesting  work  along  syn- 
tactical lines — the  Principles  and  Methods  in  Latin  Syntax  of 
Professor  E.  P.  Morris.2  In  this  work  the  author  attacks  the 
plan  of  syntactical  dissertations  of  the  day,  especially  as  exem- 
plified by  those  appearing  at  the  German  universities,  and,  in 
attacking  them,  assails  Draeger,  upon  whose  work3  their  plan 
is  for  the  most  part  based.  In  this  work  Morris  takes  up  the 
points  of  advantage  and  disadvantage  of  the  old  classifications 
of  Draeger  and  reaches  the  conclusion  that  they  are  unsatis- 
factory. His  own  theory  is  that  certain  words  have  a  tendency 
from  their  meaning  to  fall  into  certain  constructions,  and  upon 
this  theory  he  argues  for  a  formal  classification  of  words  as 
opposed  to  the  functional  one  of  Draeger.  An  exemplification 
of  Morris's  own  method  as  applied  to  the  verb  may  be  seen 
from  his  treatment  of  the  Subjunctive  in  Plautus.4  Some 
attempts  have  been  made  to  follow  him  (e.  g.,  an  article  by  A. 
L.  Wheeler  on  the  Imperfect  Indicative  in  Early  Latin 5). 
But  it  is  a  question  of  grave  doubt  whether  Morris's  theory 
can  be  applied  to  the  strained  relations  and  forced  metaphors 
which  language  constantly  assumes.  For  instance,  it  is  easy 
enough  to  see  that  loco,  from  its  form  and  meaning,  falls  into 
the  ablative  of  place,  but  it  would  be  difficult  to  say  apart  from 
their  context  that  natura  and  dolo  are  in  the  ablative  of  place. 
Gladiis  at  a  glance  is  seen  to  denote  instrument,  but  not  dolore. 
Until  this  theory  is  put  on  a  surer  foundation,  it  seems  safer 
to  follow  the  old  classifications  of  Draeger. 

1  Vol.  3,  p.  199.     The  Hist.  Gr.  seems  to  have  overlooked  the  article  by 
Clement  on  Prohibitives  in  Silver  Latin,  A.  J.  P.,  XXI  (1900),  p.  154  ff. 

2  New  York,  1901. 

3  Syntax  der  lateinischen  Sprache2,  2  vols.,  Leipzig,  1878,  1881. 
*  A.  J.  P.,  XVIII  (1897),  p.  133  ff. 

6  A.  J.  P.,  XXIV   (1903),  p.  163  ff.;   see  also  The  Plan  and  Scope  of  a 
Vergil  Lexicon,  M.  N.  Wetmore,  New  Haven,  1904. 


INTRODUCTION.  vii 

In  the  matter  of  bibliography,  I  have  tried  to  consult  as 
many  works  as  possible  on  syntactical  questions,  both  of  a 
general  and  special  nature,  and  everything  dealing  with  special 
points  in  the  syntax  of  Martial  has  received  a  careful  examina- 
tion. I  append  below  a  list  of  those  general  works  on  syntax 
which  I  have  most  frequently  consulted,  and  the  few  special 
treatises  that  concern  Martial.  I  have  omitted  from  my  bib- 
liography titles  that  occur  in  the  full  list  given  by  the  His- 
torische  Grammatik.1 

GENERAL    WORKS    ON    SYNTAX. 

DRAEGER,  A.      Syntax  der  lateinischen  Sprache2.     Leipzig,  1878   (Vol.  I), 

1881  (Vol.  II). 

HAND,  F.      Tursellinus,  sive  de  particulis  Latinis.      4  vols.,  Leipzig,  1829. 
Hiatorische    Grammatik    der    lateinischen    Sprache.       Vol.    Ill,    Leipzig, 

1903.      (Prepared  conjointly  by  Landgraf,  Goelling  and  Blase.) 
HOLTZE,    F.    W.       Syntaxis    priscorum    scriptorum    Latinorum    usque    ad 

Terentium.     2  vols.,  Leipzig,  1861-1862. 
LANE,  G.  M.      A  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools  and  Colleges,   revised  by 

Oertel  and  Morgan.     New  York,  1904. 
MORRIS,  E.  P.      On  Principles  and  Methods  in  Latin  Syntax.      New  York, 

1901. 
NEUE,  F.     Formenlehre  der  lateinischen  Sprache3.     Revised  by  C.  Wagener. 

Leipzig,  1902   (Vol.  I),  Berlin,  1902   (Vol.  II),  1894  (Vol.  III). 
STOLTZ,  FB.,  and  SCHMALZ,  J.  H.     Lateinische  Grammatik3.     Muenchen, 

1900. 

SPECIAL   WORKS    DEALING    WITH    MARTIAL. 

GILBERT,  W.  Ad  Martialem  Quaestiones  Criticae,  Program  des  kgl. 
Gymnasiums  zu  Dresden-Neustadt,  1883;  Neue  Jahrbb.  f.  Philologie 
CXXVII,  Vol.  9  (1883),  pp.  643-648;  Beitraege  zur  Text  Kritik  des 
Martial,  Rhein.  Mus.,  N.  F.,  XXXIX  (1884),  pp.  511-520  (I-VI) ; 
XL  (1885),  pp.  210-222  (VII-XIV). 

GUTTMAN,  O.  Observationum  in  Marcum  Valerium  Martialem  Particulae 
Quinque.  Diss.  inaug.  Vratisl.,  1866. 

MEINZER,  G.  De  Genetivi  apud  Martialem  et  Juvenalem  usu  syntactico. 
Diss.  inaug.  Friburg.,  Karlsruhe,  1894. 

SOEDING,  H.    De  Infinitivi  apud  Martialem  Usurpatione.    Diss.  inaug.  Mar- 
burg., 1891. 
Though  not  dealing  especially  with  syntax,  the  following  may  be  noted: 

'Vol.  3,  pp.  88-96. 


viii  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF   MARTIAL. 

FBIEDLAENDEB,  L.  Martial  is  Epigrammaton  Libri,  mit  erklaerenden  An- 
merkungen.  Leipzig,  1886.  Good  for  suggestive  notes. 

PAUKSTADT,  R.    De  Martiale  Catulli  imitatore.    Diss.  inaug.  Halis  S.,  1876. 

RENN,  E.  Die  griechischen  Eigennamen  bei  Martial,  Program  des  kgl. 
Bayer.  Studienanstalt  Lands-hut  (1888-1889);  Beitraege  zu  Martial, 
Bl.  f.  d.  bayer.  Gymnasialsehulwesen,  XVII  (1881). 

STEPHANI,  E.     De  Martiale  verborum  novatore.     Breslau,  1889. 

WAGNEB,  E.  De  Martiale  poetarum  Augusteae  aetatis  imitatore.  Diss. 
inaug.  Regim.,  1880. 

ZINGEKLE,  A.     Martials  Ovidstudien.      Innsbruck,  1877. 

ARTICLES  IN  PERIODICALS. 
CLEMENT,  W.  K.      Prohibit! ves  in  Silver  Latin.      A.  J.  P.,  XXI    (1900), 

p.  154  ff. 
MA  YOB,  J.  E.  B.    Unus  et  unus.     Cl.  R.  XIII  (1899),  p.  76  (a  brief  note). 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY    V 

OF 


CHAPTER   I. 

ON  ADJECTIVES  USED  SUBSTANTIVELY   (BY  ELLIPSIS  OF  A 
SUBSTANTIVE). 

Adjectives  may  be  used  substantively  in  two  ways:  first,  the 
termination  of  the  adjective  may  determine  the  meaning,  e.  g., 
boni  means  ( good  men/  bond  i  good  things ' ;  secondly,  an 
omitted  substantive  may  determine  the  meaning  of  the  ad- 
jective, e.  g.,  calda  by  the  ellipsis  of  aqua  comes  to  mean  '  warm 
water.'  It  should  be  noted  that  the  substantive  must  be  of 
such  common  occurrence  as  to  be  readily  supplied.  Thus 
'  Baldwin  '  in  English  immediately  suggests  the  omitted  '  apple/ 
'  Remington  '  either  'gun  '  or  '  bicycle.'1  In  dealing  with  the 
question  of  the  use  of  adjectives  as  substantives  by  the  omission 
of  some  noun,  we  are  fortunate  in  having  models.  Draeger2 
gives  a  list  of  omitted  substantives  which  is  far  from  complete, 
since  it  does  not  include  at  least  seventy  which  are  omitted  by 
Martial.  A  general  work  on  the  same  subject  is  Die  Sub- 
stantiviering  des  lateinischen  Adjectivum  durch  Ellipse,  by 
Professor  J.  !N".  Ott,  which  appeared  in  Rottweil  in  1874  as  a 
Gymnasium-program.  This  work  arranges  the  omitted  sub- 
stantives alphabetically,  giving  under  each  head  illustrations 
from  Latin  authors  of  the  use  of  adjectives  with  which  these 
substantives  are  to  be  supplied.  As  the  pioneer  work  in  this 
field,  the  program  has  deservedly  gained  much  praise.  Some 
of  Ott's  illustrations  are  drawn  from  Martial,  though  often 
without  citing  the  passage.  In  his  paper  on  The  Formation 
of  Latin  Substantives  from  Geographical  Adjectives  by  Ellip- 
sis,3 Professor  J.  C.  Rolfe  has  explained  the  term  f  ellipsis ' 
and  discussed  the  substantives  commonly  omitted  with  geo- 

1Cf.  Jersey   (cow),  Canary   (bird),  Shanghai   (rooster). 

2  Hist.  Syntax2,  I,  pp.  59-66. 

3  T.  A.  P.  A.,  XXXI  ( 1900),  p.  5  ff. 

1 


2          NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

graphical  adjectives.  He  gives  a  list  of  elided  substantives 
which,  however,  does  not  include  many  that  Martial  omits. 
The  Archiv  list  of  omitted  substantives,  prepared  by  Karl  Eitt- 
weger  in  1884,  which  I  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  consult, 
is  also  incomplete  so  far  as  Martial  is  concerned. 

So  frequent  is  Martial's  use  of  adjectives  as  substantives 
through  the  ellipsis  of  a  noun  that  it  may  be  called  a  distin- 
guishing feature  of  his  style. 

To  the  bibliography  mentioned  above  may  be  added : 

HIRT,   P.      Ueber   die    Substantivierung   des   Adjektivums   bei   Quintilian. 

Prog.  Soph.  Gym.,  Berlin,  1890. 

ROLFE,  J.  C.     Die  Ellipse  von  ars.     A.  L.  L.,  X,  p.  229  ff. 
WOELFFLIN,  E.     Die  Ellipse  von  Navis.     A.  L.  L.,  IX,  p.  285  ff. 

In  my  citations  from  Martial  I  have  followed  the  text  of 
Lindsay;  elsewhere  the  Teubner  text-editions. 

aes,  see  under  vas.1 

actor  (histrio). 
scaenicus  9,  28,  6. 

adytum. 

penetrale  4,  53,  1 ;  10,  51,  13.  Cf.  aeternumque  adytis  effert 
penetralibus  ignem,  Verg.  Aen.  2,  297. 

aetas. 

senecta  1,  105,  3 ;  4,  25,  7 ;  5,  7,  3 ;  6,  49,  6 ;  8,  2,  7 ;  9,  29,  1 ; 
10,  24,  8;  10,  38,  14;  13,  29,  1;  13,  117,  1.  Martial  uses 
senedus  but  twice,  5,  6,  4  and  6,  29,  7.  Cf.  senecta  aetate, 
Plaut.  Amph.  1032 ;  aetate  senecta,  Lucr.  5,  873,  883 ;  senecta 
debilis,  Phaedrus  4,  2,  10;  vergente  iam  senecta,  Tac.  Ann. 
4,  41 ;  extremam  senectam,  Ibid.  4,  58.  Martial  uses  the 
noun  iuventa  (for  iuventus)  three  times,  2,  90,  1 ;  7,  40,  5 ; 
10,  50,  5.  The  form  iuventus  does  not  occur. 

ager,  cf.  fundus,  rus. 

Nomentanus  9,  60,  6.      Cf.  in  Nomentanis — agris,  1,  105,  1 ; 
ager — Nomentanus,  2,  38,  1 ;  Nomentani — ruris,  6,  43,  3; 
Nomentani — agelli,  7,  93,  5. 
i  See  T.  A.  P.  A.,  XXXI  (1900),  p.  12  f. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  3 

suburbanus  5,  35,  3.  Cf.  suburbanus  —  ager,  13,  12,  2.  In 
some  places  Martial,  like  other  writers,  uses  the  plural  of  the 
name  of  the  people  of  a  certain  locality  for  an  estate,  e.  g.f 
Tusci  —  Tusculive1,  7,  31,  11.  Cf.  satis  beatus  unicis 
Sabinis,  Hor.  Carni.  2,  18,  14;  quo  modo  te  veteres  Marsi 
tui,  Pliny  Epist.  2,  15,  1. 

ales,  cf.  avis. 

Strictly  speaking,  ales  is  an  adjective  used  substantively  with 
the  ellipsis  of  avis,  and  I  have  so  treated  it  under  avis.  That 
its  original  adjectival  use  was  lost  and  that  it  was  used  as  a 
pure  substantive  at  times  is  clear  from  galbuli,  13,  68,  tit., 
where  allies  (common  gender)  is  to  be  supplied.  In  13,  68,  1, 
we  have  galbina  —  ales.2 

amicus,  arnica. 
Sabinus  10,  44,  9.3 
una  1,  68,  3. 

aper. 

saetiger  13,  93,  1.  Cf.  laniger  (sc.  agnus),  Phaedr.  1,  1,  6, 
and  freq.  ;  saetigerae  —  suis,  Ov.  Fast.  1,  352. 

aqua. 

Albula  1,  12,  2  ;  4,  4,  2  ;  12,  98,  4. 

calda  1,  11,  3;  12,  60,  7;  14,  105,  1.      Cf.  caldam—  aquam 

6,  86,  6  and  8,  67,  7  ;  caldum  (sc.  vinum)  14,  113,  1. 
cocta  2,  85,  I.4      Cf.  frigidior  Geticis  petitur  decocta  pruinis, 

Juv.  5,  50. 
frigida  14,  105,  1.     Cf.  aquae  frigidae  14,  196,  tit.;  frigida 

non  lavi  magis  lubenter,  Plaut  Most.  157;  frigida,  Mart.  8, 

67,  7,  is  dxb  xotvoij. 
Marcia  6,  42,  18;  9,  18,  6;  11,  96,  1. 


is  Friedlaender's  explanation  (notes  on  7,  31,  10  and  10,  44,  9), 
though  it  is  possible  that  agri  is  to  be  supplied  in  7,  31,  10  with  Tusci- 
Tusculive.  In  10,  44,  9  I  prefer  to  supply  amicis  with  Sabinis,  though 
Friedlaender  again  sees  in  the  plural  form  a  reference  to  an  estate. 

2T.  A.  P.  A.,  XXXI  (1900),  p.  16. 

3  See  note  1  above. 

*  Itself  modified  by  nivea,  2,  85,  1.     Cf.  per  niveam  —  aquam  12,  17,  6. 


4          NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

In  (aqua)  Virgo  we  have  a  good  example  of  a  noun  used  as 
an  adjective: 
Virgo  5,  20,  9;  6,  42,  18;  11,  47,  6;  14,  163,  2;  niveas— prope 

Virginis  undas  7,  32,  11. 

argentum. 

pustulatum  7,  86,  7. 

arvum. 
culta  (sc.  arva)  8,  28,  4. 

auriga,  cf.  color,  pannus. 
prasinus  11,  33,  1.  4. 

venetus  6,  46,  1. 

avis,  cf.  ales,  gallina. 

ales  6,  55,  2;  9,  11,  4;  9,  31,  8;  9,  55,  1;  13,  61,  1;  13,  68,  1; 

14,  67,  2;  14,  216  (218),  1. 

Atthis  1,  53,  9  (nightingale)  ;  5,  67,  2  (swallow). 
Libjca  13,  45,  1. 

noctua  3,  93,  10;  10,  100,  4;  11,  34,  1.     Cf.  Plaut.  Men.  653. 
Numidica  3,  58,  15;  13,  73,  tit.      Cf.  Suet.  Calig.  22. 
phasiana  3,  58,  16.      Cf.  Suet.  Calig.  22;  Phasiani  (masc.), 

Mart  13,  72,  tit. 
Phasides  13,  45,  I.1    Cf.  nee  Libye  mittit  nee  tibi  Phasis  aves, 

3,  77,  4 ;  Phasidis  ales,  Stat.  Silv.  4,  6,  8. 
Stymphalides  9,  101,  7. 
volucris  5,  55,  1 ;  5,  67,  4;  13,  67,  2 ;  13,  78,  1 ;  14,  217  (216), 

1.    Cf.  Libycae — volucres,2  13,  45,  1. 

belua,  see  bestia. 
bestia  (belua). 

fera  sp.  10,  6 ;  11,  6 ;  12,  8 ;  13,  6 ;  21,  5 ;  22,  2 ;  27,  2.  8.  12 ; 
28,  4;  30,  8;  1,  22,  2;  1,  49,  14;  1,  60,  6;  3,  19,  2.  6;  4, 
56,  6;  4,  59,  2;  4,  74,  2;  5,  65,  14;  6,  15,  2;  7,  27,  2;  8, 
53  (55),  16;  8,  67,  4;  8,  78,  10;  9,  71,  9;  10,  20  (19),  8; 

1  Possibly  masc. ;  in  such  case  it  would  fall  under  gallus  ( q.  v. ) . 
2 1  take  volucres  here  to  be  an  adjective  limiting  Libycae   (aves). 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  5 

13,  95,  1 ;  14,  166,  2.     Of.  ferae  bestiae,  Quint.  Curt.  8,  2,  7. 

quadripes  13,  92,  2. 

bos,  see  vacca. 

iuvencus  Sp.   16b,  3;  22,  9   (23,   3);  1,   60,  4;  1,  104,  20; 
1,  107,  7;  4,  55,  25;  5,  31,  1;  9,  42,  10;  14,  4,  1;  14,  52,  1. 

Of.  Yerg.  Eel.  2,  66. 

caelum.1 

serenum  6,  42,  8.      Cf.  postea  ponito  pocillum  in  sereno  noctu, 

Cato,  Agr.  156,  3. 

calceus. 

vardaicus  4,  4,   5.     See  Forcellini  under  Bardaicus  and  cf. 
Bardaicus  iudex,  Juv.  16,  13. 

campus. 

Elysius  9,  51,  5.      Cf.  Elysio — agro,  10,  101,  1;  Elysium— 
nemus,  7,  40,  4 ;  11,  5,  6 ;  Elysio — campo,  12,  52,  5. 

canis. 
Molossus  Sp.  30,  1. 

(canticum) . 

3,  63,  5,  cantica  qui  Mli,  qui  Gaditana  susurrat  (fab  xoivou). 

carmen  (epigramma). 
distichon  2,  71,  2;  2,  77,  8;  3,  11,  2;  6,  65,  4;  7,  85,  2;  8, 

29,  1 ;  11,  108,  2 ;  13,  3,  5.      Cf.  xarxaMv  lar  Imrpafjtfjta  TO 

dlaTt%ov,  Anthol.  Pal.  9,  369. 

tetrasticon  7,  85,  1. 

caules. 

prototomi  10,  48,  16.     Cf.  prototomis — coliculis,  14,  101,  2. 

cena. 

adventoria  12,  epist.,  22. 
recta  8,  49  (50),  10. 

cera,  see  codicilli,  libelli,  tabulae  (tabellae). 
quinquiplex  14,  4,  tit.     Cf.  quinquipliei  cera,  14,  4,  2. 

codicilli,  see  cera,  libelli,  tabulae  (tabellae). 
triplices  7,  53,  3;  7,  72,  2;  10,  87,  6;  14,  6,  tit,  1. 
Vitelliani  2,  6,  6 ;  14,  8,  tit,  2.      Cf.  epigram  14,  9. 
1  Possibly  nubila,  6,  58,  4,  belongs  here. 


6  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF   MARTIAL. 

color,  cf.  auriga,  pannus. 

prasinus  10,  48,  23;  14,  131,  1. 
venetus  10,  48,  23;  14,  131,  1. 

conchy lia  (ostrea). 
Lncrina  6,  11,  5;  12,  48,  4.      Cf.  Lucrina — conchylia,  Hor. 

Ep.  2,  49. 

corona. 

civica  8,  82,  8.     Cf.  Sen.  de  Clem.  1,  26,  5. 

crustum  (crustulum),  see  edulium. 

deus,  dea. 

Cytherea  9,  12  (13),  4;  11,  81,  6. 
superi  1,  103,  1;  4,  44,  8;  8,  49  (50),  2;  9,  3,  1;  9,  20,  9; 

9,  22,  15;  9,  51,  1;  9,  91,  4;  11,  53,  7. 
Trivia  Sp.  1,  3 ;  5,  1,  2 ;  6,  47,  3 ;  9,  64,  3. 

dies. 

bruma  1,  49,  19;  3,  58,  8;  3,  93,  16;  4,  40,  5;  4,  57,  9;  5, 
34,  5;  6,  80,  9;  7,  65,  1;  7,  95,  1;  8,  14,  1;  8,  41,  2;  8, 
68,  3;  8,  71,  1;  9,  13  (12),  2;  10,  5,  6;  10,  15  (14),  7; 

10,  104,  9;  12,  62,  7;  12,  81,  1;  13,  1,  4;  13,  127,  1;  14, 
72,  1. 

fastus.      See  liber. 

Idus  3,  6,  1;  4,  66,  3;  5,  41,  5;  7,  74,  5;  10,  62,  11;  12,  67, 

1.  2.  3.  4.  5. 
Kalendae  1,  99,  6;  4,  66,  3;  5,  84,  11;  6,  30,  5;  8,  33,  11; 

8,  44,  11;  8,  64,  4;  9, 1,  4;  9,  52,  3.  7 ;  9,  90,  15;  10,  24,  1.  2; 

10,  29,  3 ;  10,  75,  7 ;  10,  87,  1 ;  10,  92,  10 ;  12,  32,  1 ;  12,  36, 

4;  12,  60,  5;  13,  27,  1. 
natalis  8,  64,  14;  9,  52,  2;  9,  53,  1;  10,  24,  1;  10,  27,  1;  10, 

87,  4;  12,  60,  7.     Cf.  natalicium  diem,  8,  38,  12;  natalis 

dies,  Plant.  Capt.  174;  meo  natali,  Cic.  Att.  7,  5,  3. 
sollemnis  8,  38,  9. 

donum.1 

congiarium  3,  7,  2.      Cf.  Quint.  6,  3,  52;  Cic  Att.  16,  8,  2. 
1  See  Draeger2,  I,  p.  64. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  7 

draucus. 

tantus  6,  54,  1.  4.      Cf.  1,  96,  12. 

edulium    (crustum,  crustulum,  opus   [pistormm] ) . 
adipatum  14,  223,  tit.     Cf.  opera — pistoria,  Suet.  Tib.  34. 

faber. 

aerarius  12,  57,  6. 

farina. 

alica1  2,  37,  6;  12,  81,  3;  13,  6,  tit,  1;  13,  9,  2. 

febris. 

quartana  10,  77,  3.  Cf.  Cic.  ad  Fam.,  16,  11,  1;  Hor.  Serm., 
2,  3,  290. 

femina. 

In  such  forms  as  arnica,,  ancilla,  condiscipula,  domino,, 
magistra,  moecha,  vetula,  vilica,  and  the  proper  adjectives, 
Patavina,  Sabina,  etc.,  the  feminine  gender  is  indicated  by 
the  feminine  termination,  and  there  is  no  necessity  to  pre- 
suppose the  omission  of  femina.  See  puella. 

festum  (tempus). 

Saturnalia  4,  46,  1.  18 ;  5,  84,  6.  11 ;  6,  24,  2 ;  7,  53,  1 ;  11, 
2,  5 ;  14,  71  (70),  1.  Cf.  Ovid  Fast.,  4,  877.  8aturnalis,  e, 
is  used  as  an  adjective  only  with  festum. 

ficus. 

Chia  7,  25,  8;  7,  31,  2;  12,  96,  9.  10;  13,  23,  1.      Cf.  ficus 

Chiae  13,  23,  tit. 
marisca  7,  25,  7;  11,  18,  15;  12,  96,  9.  10.     Cf.  ficos  mariscas, 

Cato,  Agr.,  8,  1. 

filum,  see  ramentum. 

filius. 

unicus  6,  62,  1,  amisit  pater  unicum  Salanus. 

frenum. 

lupatum  1,  104,  4.  Cf.  Mart.  1,  104,  5 ;  lupatis — frenis,  Hor. 
Carm.  1,  8,  7. 

See  Friedl.,  Intr.,  p.  113,  for  the  orthography  of  this  word. 


8  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF    MARTIAL. 

frumentum. 

diarium  11,  108,  3. 

diurnum  3,  10,  4. 

fundus,  cf.  ager,  rus. 
Albamis  11,  7,  3. 

funis. 

cereus  5,  18,  2;  10,  87,  5;  14,  42,  tit.,  1. 

gallina,  cf.  avis. 

rustica  13,  76,  1.  Cf.  igitur  sunt  gallinae  quae  vocantur 
generum  trium,  villaticae  et  rusticae  et  Africanae,  Varr. 
K.  E.,  3,  9,  1. 

rusticula  13,  76,  tit. 

gallus.1 

Phasianus  13,  72,  tit. 

gladiator. 
oplomachus  8,  74,  1.  2. 

hira. 

Lucanica  4,  46,  8 ;  13,  35,  tit. ;  13,  35,  1.  Cf.  Charisius  1, 
94,  9K:  praetextum  quidam  dici  volunt,  quia  intelligitur 
vestimentum ;  sed  consuetude  vicit,  quae  praetextam  dicit, 
referens  scilicet  ad  togam.  Nam  quaecumque  derivantur  vel 
mediae  sunt  potestatis  quovis  genere  dici  possunt.  Sumunt 
enim  genus  ab  his  quibus  coniuncta  sunt;  ut  puta  Lucani- 
cum,  intelligitur  pulmentum  vel  intestinum,  et  hie  Lucanicus, 
auditur  botulus  vel  apparatus,  et  haec  Lucanica  femineo 
genere,  intelligitur  hira,  hoc  est  intestinum,  aut  aliud  quod 
unus  quisque  intelligere  voluerit. 

histrio,  see  actor. 
hora. 

decuma  7,  51,  11;  10,  70,  13. 

octava  10,  48,  1 ;  11,  52,  3. 

prima  10,  70,  8. 

quarta  8,  67,  3.     Cf.  ad  quartam  iaceo,  Hor.  Serm.  1,  6,  122. 

quinta  8,  44,  8 ;  8,  67,  9 ;  10,  70,  8. 

1  For  Phasides,  13,  45,  1,  see  note  1  under  avis. 


ADJECTIVES  USED  SUBSTANTIVELY.  9 

sexta  10,  48,  4.      Cf.  sexta — hora,  3,  100,  1. 
tertia  8,  44,  8. 

In  Martial  4,  8,  wherever  numerals  are  used  with  hora  to  be 
supplied,  we  have  the  dno  xotvou  construction,  since  hora  is  ex- 
pressed in  verse  1.  Ott1,  therefore,  errs  in  citing  Martial  4, 
8,  6,  as  an  example  of  an  adjective  (nona)  with  omitted  sub- 
stantive. 

indumentum,  see  vestimentum. 

instrumentum. 

muscarium  14,  67,  tit. ;  14,  68  (71),  tit.  Cf.  fugatque  muscas 
myrtea  puer  virga,  Mart.  3,  82,  12. 

involucrum. 

graphiarium  14,  21,  tit,  1. 
manuale  14,  84,  tit. 

Juppiter. 

Tonans  5,  16,  5 ;  5,  55,  1 ;  5,  72,  1 ;  6,  13,  7 ;  6,  83,  5 ;  7,  60,  2 ; 
9,  3,  9;  9,  11,  7;  9,  86,  7  (to  Domitian  also)  ;  9,  91,  5;  10, 
20  (19),  9;  10,  35,  19;  10,  51,  13;  10,  92,  6;  11,  43,  3; 
11,  94,  7 ;  12,  15,  6 ;  13,  74,  1.  The  following  passages  refer 
to  Domitian:  6,  10,  9;  7,  56,  4;  7,  99,  1;  8,  39,  5;  9,  39,  1; 
9,  65,  1;  9,  86,  7  (to  Juppiter  also).  Cf.,  also,  in  reference 
to  Domitian:  nostrum — deum,  Sp.  17,  4;  sui — Jovis,  9,  28, 
10;  nostrum — Jovem,  14,  1,  2. 

lacerna. 

coccina  4,  28,  2.     Cf.  lacernae  coccineae,  14,  131,  tit 
Hispana  4,  28,  2. 

Tyria  4,  28,  2;  14,  133,  2.  Cf.  Tyrias— lacernas,  9,  22,  13; 
albas — calla'inas  (lacernas,  1.  1),  14,  140  (139),  2. 

lactuca. 

Cappadoca  5,  78,  4. 

lacus. 

Avernus  1,  62,  3. 
Fucinus  Sp.  28,  11. 

JP.  11,  sub  hora. 


10  NOTES   ON    THE   SYNTAX   OF   MARTIAL. 

Lucrinus  1,  62,  3 ;  4,  57,  1 ;  6,  43,  5  ;  6,  68,  1 ;  13,  82,  1.  Of. 
Lucrino — in  stagno,  3,  20,  20;  Lucrini — stagni,  5,  37,  3. 
Owing  to  the  peculiar  topography  of  the  Lucrine  Lake  region 
— it  was  partially  enclosed  by  the  mole  of  the  Via  Herculanea 
— sinus  may  also  have  been  an  easily  supplied  substantive 
with  Lucrinus.  The  Lucrine  really  was  a  xofaoz1  rather 
than  a  lacus. 

lagona. 

Spoletina  6,  89,  3.  Of.  nee  fuerat  soli  tota  lagona  satis,  6,  89, 
4;  de  Spoletinis — lagonis,  13,  120,  1. 

lapis. 

quartus  3,  20,  18,  an  Pollionis  dulce  currit  ad  quartum.  Of. 
ad  lapidem — quartum,  10,  79,  1 ;  ad  quartum,  10,  79,  2 
(d.nb  xotvou). 

libelli,  see  codicilli,  cera,  tabulae  (tabellae). 

liber  (libri). 

fasti  8,  2,  1 ;  11,  4,  5 ;  12,  29  (26),  5.  Dies  was  doubtless  the 
original  substantive  with  fasti.* 

loca. 

avia  8,  53  (55),  1,  Massyla  per  avia. 
planaS,  31,  6;  12,  14,  6. 

malum  (pomum). 

Apyrina  13,  42,  tit. ;  13,  42,  1 ;  13,  43,  1. 
Cydonea  10,  42,  3 ;  13,  24,  tit,  1. 
Persica  13,  46,  tit. ;  13,  46,  2. 

manus. 

dextera  Sp.  13,  3;  Sp.  22,  8  (23,  2)  ;  9,  61,  7;  10,  92,  16. 
dextra  Sp.  18,  1;  1,  21,  1.  7;  2,  11,  5;  2,  21,  1;  6,  83,  3;  7, 

20,  16;  8,  30,  5;  9,  43,  4;  11,  29,  1;  11,  99,  3;  12,  28  (29), 

3 ;  12,  82,  3 ;  14,  208,  2. 

1  Strabo,  c.  244. 

2  See  above,  under  dies. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  11 

laeva  5,  51,  1;  9,  41,  1;  9,  43,  4;  11,  58,  II1  ;  12,  82,  3. 
sinistra  7,  72,  11;  8,  30,  8;  11,  73,  4;  11,  99,  3;  12,  28  (29), 

3  ;  14,  46,  1. 

medicus. 

opthalmicus  8,  74,  1.      Cf.  Gk. 


mernbrum. 

languida  —  virilia  11,  29,  1. 

mensa. 

Delphica  12,  66,  7. 

mensis. 

December  1,  49,  19  ;  3,  36,  7  ;  4,  14,  7  ;  4,  19,  3  ;  5,  30,  5  ;  5, 
49,  8  ;  5,  84,  9  ;  7,  8,  3  ;  7,  28,  7  ;  7,  36,  5  ;  7,  37,  6  ;  7,  72,  1  ; 
7,  95,  1;  10,  5,  6;  10,  87,  7;  12,  18,  7;  12,  62,  15.  Cf. 
mense  Decembri,  2,  85,  3  ;  Decembri  mense,  5,  18,  1  ;  in 
mensem  —  Aprilem,  7,  95,  18  ;  mensem  —  Augustum,  3,  93, 
16;  mense  —  Augusto,  6,  59,  8. 

November  3,  58,  8. 

mentula. 

ilia  3,  68,  7;  11,  15,  8. 

rigida  9,  47,  6.      Cf.  rigida  —  vena,  11,  16,  5. 

tanta  6,  54,  1.  4. 

miles. 

evocatus  4,  4,  5. 

missicius  3,  91,  1. 

mons. 

Aventimis  10,  56,  2.     Cf.  Liv.  1,  33,  1. 

morbus. 

hemitritaeos  2,  40,  1  ;  12,  90,  2.  Cf.  declamas  hemitritaeos, 
4,  80,  3,  where  the  adjective  means  '  one  who  has  the  ague.' 

nummus. 

aureolus  5,  19,  14;  9,  4,  1.  3;  10,  75,  8;  11,  27,  12;  12,  36,  3. 
binus  12,  55,  8,  aut  binos  quater  a  nova  moneta  (sc.  nummos). 
denarius  1,  117,  17;  2,  51,  1;  9,  32,  3;  9,  100,  1.  6. 

1  Lindsay  reads  lana  here. 


12  NOTES   ON    THE   SYNTAX   OF   MARTIAL. 

flavus  ('  yellow  boys ')  12,  65,  6.  Cf.  et  centum  dominos 
novae  monetae,  4,  28,  5;  hos  nisi  de  flava  loculos  implere 
moneta  |  non  decet,  14,  12,  1. 

sestertiolus1  1,  58,  5. 

nux. 

castaneae  5,  78,  15;  10,  79,  6. 

officium. 

annuum  (iustum)  10,  61,  4. 
illud  puerile  9,  67,  3.      Cf.  puerile  officium,  Plaut.  Cist.  657. 

oliva. 

Picena  4,  88,  7 ;  7,  53,  5.     Cf.  Picena — oliva,  9,  54,  1 ;  Picenis 

— trapetis,  13,  36,  1. 

orrXa. 

%(ttxca  9,  94,  4. 
ypiHTsa  9,  94,  4. 

opus. 

adipatum,  see  edulium.     Cf.  opera — pistoria,  Suet.  Tib.  34. 

Capelliana  ('  preserves  ')  11,  31,  17. 

sacrum  1,  epist,  v.  1,  1.  18 ;  3,  6,  2 ;  3,  24,  9.  11 ;  3,  81,  6 ; 

7,  63,  5;  8,  4,  4;  8,  30,  6;  8,  81,  1;  9,  48,  2;  10,  41,  7; 

10,  58,  13 ;  11,  4,  1 ;  12,  62,  6.  14. 
tabulatum  9,  59,  5. 

ostrea,  see  conchylia. 
paenula,  see  vestis. 

endromis  (cf.  Gk.  Ivdpo/juc)   4,  19,  4;  14,  126,  tit,  2. 
gausapina  6,  59,  2.  8.      Cf.  paenula  gausapina,  14,  145,  tit. ; 

cubicularia  (sc.  stragula)  gausapina,  14,  147,  tit. 
scortea  14,  130,  2.      Cf.  paenula  scortea,  14,  130,  tit. 

pannus,  see  auriga,  color. 

pars. 

calva  3,  74,  1.  5 ;  5,  49,  3 ;    6,  57,  2 ;  6,  74,  2 ;  10,  83,  2 ;  12, 
45,  2 ;  14,  27,  2.     Cf.  calvam  auro  caelavere,  Liv.  23,  24,  12. 
1  Sestertia,  from  sestertium  (nummorum),  is  so  far  removed  from  its  sub- 
stantive as  not  to  merit  special  treatment  as  an  adjective. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  13 

pecunia. 

inpensa  Sp.  4,  6. 

pellis. 

aluta  2,  29,  8 :  7,  35,  1 ;  11,  60,  3 ;  12,  29  (26),  9. 

perna. 

Cerretana  13,  54,  1. 

pila. 

paganica  7,  32,  7 ;  14,  45,  1.     Cf.  pila  paganica,  14,  45,  tit. 

piscis. 

aurata  13,  90,  tit.,  1. 

poculum. 

archetypum   8,    6,    1.       Cf.   pocula    archetypa,    14,   93,   tit; 
archetypum — argentum,  8,  34,  1.  2. 

Pompeius. 

Magnus  11,  5,  11. 

pomum,  see  malum. 

pons. 

Mulvius  4,  64,  23.      Cf.  a  ponte — Mulvio,  3,  14,  4. 

praedium. 

pomarium  6,  16,  3;  8,  14,  1;  8,  68,  1;  10,  94,  1.     Cf.  Hor. 

Carm.,  1,  7,  14 ;  pomarium  seminarium,  Cato,  Agr.  48,  1. 
rosarium  5,  37,  9;  12,  31,  3. 

praemium.1 

salarium  3,  7,   6. 

pretium. 

magno  3,  75,  8 ;  10,  75,  2. 

minoris  12,  66,  9. 

nostro  7,  46,  4;  8,  42,  3. 

pluris  1,  58,  6;  3,  56,  2;  3,  62,  6;  4,  26,  4;  4,  29,  10;  11,  83, 

2 ;  14,  118,  2. 

quanti  1,  66,  3;  5,  16,  4;  5,  58,  6;  6,  88,  3;  14,  218  (217),  1. 
tanti  Sp.  33,  2;  1,  12,  11;  1,  66,  2;  1,  108,  6;  1,  117,  18; 

2,  63,  3;  5,  22,  12;  5,  27,  3;  8,  69,  3;  9,  4,  4;  10,  12,  5; 

1  Draeger2,  I,  p.  64. 


14  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF    MARTIAL. 

10,  57,  2;  11,  71,  3;  12,  43,  11;  12,  48,  11;  12,  59,  11. 

vili  12,  66,  10. 

prunum. 

Damascenum  5,  18,  3 ;  13,  29,  tit. 

puella. 

One  need  not  presuppose  the  omission  of  puella^  filiaf  or  virgo 
with  such  adjectives  as  nata,  nupta,  and  sponsa^  as  these  ad- 
jectives may  all  get  their  meaning  from  the  gender  alone.  See 
femina  above. 

vidua,  see  uxor. 

quadrantes. 

centum — plumbeos  10,  74,  4. 

ramentum  (filum). 

sulphuratum  1,  41,  4.      Of.  sulphurate — ramento,  10,  3,  3; 
sulphuratae — mercis,  12,  57,  14. 

I 

res. 

summa  10,  75,  10;  12,  epist.,  13;  12,  66,  2. 

rus,  cf.  ager,  fundus. 

suburbanum  8,  61,  9.     Cf.  rus  in  verse  6. 
Tiburtinum  4,  79,  1.     Cf.  rus  in  verse  2. 

sacerdos. 

calvus  12,  28  (29),  19. 

sacrificia  (sacra), 
annua  10,  61,  4. 

scutica. 
cirrata  10,  62,  8. 

sella. 
curulis  11,  98,  18. 

servus. 

fugitivus  3,  91,  3 ;  11,  54,  6. 
inscriptus  8,  75,  9. 
urbanus  3,  58,  29. 
vernaculus  10,  3,  1. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  15 

spatium. 

triduum  2,  6,  12. 
triennium  12,  epist,  1. 

spelunca. 
Aeolia  2,  14-,  12. 

stragulum,  see  tegumentum. 
tabulae  (tabellae),  see  cera,  codicilli,  libelli. 
pugillares  14,  3,  tit. ;  14,  5,  tit. ;  14,  7,  tit.  (pugillares  mem- 
branei)  ;  14,  184,  tit. 

tegumentum  ( stragulum ) . 

cubicularia  14,  147,  tit.  (gausapina)  ;  14,  150,  tit.  (polymita). 
Though  itself  an  adjective,  stragida  may  be  felt  as  the 
omitted  substantive  with  cubicularia.  Cf.  cubicularia — 
stragula,  Plin.  N.  H.,  8,  58  (83),  226. 

stragula  2,  16,  1.  6;  14,  86,  1;  14,  147,  1;  14,  148,  1. 

terra. 

creta  6,  93,  9 ;  8,  33,  17 ;  12,  61,  9. 

patria  Sp.  3,  12;  8,  31,  4;  12,  62,  7.  Cf.  patria — terra,  2, 
24,  3. 

textum,  see  vestimentum. 

theatrum. 

Marcellianum  2,  29,  5.  Cf.  sed  nee  Marcelli  Pompeianumque, 
10,  51,  11 ;  scaena  Marcelliani  theatri,  Suet.  Vesp.,  19. 

Pompeianum  10,  51,  11 ;  11,  21,  6.  Cf.  in  Pompeiano — 
theatro,  6,  9, 1 ;  14,  29, 1 ;  de  Pompeiano — theatro,  14,  166, 1. 

thermae. 

Neronianae  7,  34,  9.  Cf.  thermas — Neronianas,  2,  48,  8; 
Neronianas— thermas,  3,  25,  4;  thermis — Neronianis,  7,  34, 
5 ;  in  thermis — Neronianis,  12,  83,  5. 

tomentum. 

Leuconicum  11,  21,  8;  14,  160,  2.     Cf.  tomentum  Leuconicum, 

14,  159,  tit. 

tunica. 


16         NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

Patavinae — trilices   14,   143,   1.      Of.   tunicae  Patavinae,   14, 

143,  tit. 

unguentum. 

capillare  3,  82,  28. 

Cosmianum  11,  15,  6;  12,  55,  7.      Cf.  Cosmianis — ampullis, 

3,  82,  26. 

cosmicum  7,  41,  2.1 
foliatum  11,  27,  9;  14,  110,  2. 
glaucinum  9,  26,  2. 
Mcerotianum  6,  55,  3.      Cf.  nimbis — Nicerotianis,  10,  38,  8 ; 

Mcerotis — libram,  12,  65,  4. 

urbs. 

patria  10,  13  (20),  2. 

uxor. 

vidua  1,  49,  34;  2,  32,  6;  4,  56,  1;  7,  73,  3.  Cf.  viduam 
uxorem,  Naevius,  Gymnasticus  1  (Mueller's  ed.  of  Liv.  Andr. 
and  Naev.,  p.  17)  ;  viduas — puellas,  Propert.  3,  31  (33), 
17 ;  viduae — puellae,  Ovid  Fasti,  2,  557 ;  viduos  viros,  Ovid 
Ars  Amat.,  1,  102. 

vacca,  see  bos. 

iuvenca  2,  14,  8;  7,  80,  7;  8,  81,  2;  10,  48,  1.  Cf.  Verg. 
Georg.,  3,  219. 

vas. 

ahemim  10,  17  (16),  7,  Agenoreo — aheno;  14,  133,  1.     Cf. 

vasa  ahena,  Plant.  Pseud.  656. 
anaglyptum  4,  39,  8. 
aureum  3,  26,  2;  12,  49,  4. 
boletarium  14,  101,  tit. 
chrysendetum  2,  43,  11 ;  2,  53,  5 ;  6,  94,  1 ;  11,  29,  7 ;  14,  97,  1. 

Cf.  lances  chrysendetae,  14,  97,  tit. 
Corinthium,  9,  57,  2. 
crystallinum  1,  53,  6;  3,  82,  25;  9,  59,  13;  14,  111,  tit,  1. 

1  Other  references  to  the  perfumer  Cosmus  are:  1,  87,  2;  3,  55,  1;  9,  26, 
2;  11,  8,  9;  11,  18,  9;  11,  49  (50),  6;  12,  65,  4;  14,  59,  2;  14,  110,  1;  14, 
146,  1.  Cosmicos,  7,  41,  1. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  17 

Cf.  crystalla  8,  77,  5;  9,  22,  7;  9,  73,  5;  10,  14  (13),  5; 

10,  66,  5 ;  12,  74,  1. 
diatretum  12,  70,  9. 
fictile  5,  59,  4;  14,  98,  2. 
Gratianum  4,  39,  6. 
murrinum  3,  26,  2 ;  3,  82,  25 ;  9,  59,  14;  11,  70,  8 ;  13,  110,  1 ; 

14,  113,  tit. 
Vatinium  10,  3,  4. 
vitreum  1,  41,  5. 

vehiculum. 

hexaphorum  2,  81,  1;  4,  51,  2;  6,  77,  10. 
octaphoron  6,  84,  1. 

velum. 

flammeum  11,  78,  3;  12,  42,  3. 

venenum.1 
toxicum  1,  18,  6;  5,  76,  2;  10,  36,  4. 

versus. 

elegus  3,  20,  6;  7,  46,  5;  12,  94,  8. 

herons  3,  20,  6. 

hexameter  6,  65,  1. 

scazon  1,  96,  1 ;  7,  26,  1.  10. 

vestimentum  (indumentum,  tegumentum,  textum). 
amictorium  14,  149,  tit 

bombycimim  8,  68,  7;  11,  49  (50),  5;  14,  24,  1. 
candidum  2,  46,  5. 

cenatorium  10,  87,  12;  14,  136  (135),  tit. 
coccinum  2,  16,  2 ;  2,  39,  1 ;  2,  43,  8;  14,  131,  1. 
ianthinum  2,  39,  1. 
linteum  2,  57,  6;  12,  70,  1;  12,  82,  7;  14,  51,  2;  14,  104,  1; 

14,  139  (138),  1. 
leve  14,  138  (136),  1. 
nativum  1,  96,  8. 

1  Venenum  was  originally  an  adj.,  venenum  (medicamentumf),  if  its  orig- 
inal meaning  was  "  love-charm."    *Venes-no-m,  cf.  Veneris,  early  *Venes-is. 


18         NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

Sericum,  9,  37,  3;  11,  8,  5;  11,  27,  11. 
textum  8,  28,  18. 
tritum  2,  58,  1.  2. 
Tyrianthinum  1,  53,  5. 

vestis,  see  paenula. 

Canusina  14,  127,  tit,  1;  14,  129,  tit.  Of.  canusinatus— 
Sums,  9,  22,  9. 

fusca— rufa  14,  129,  1. 

via. 

Aemilia  6,  85,  6 ;  10,  12,  1.      Cf.  Aemiliae— viae,  3,  4,  2. 
Appia  9,  101,  1;  10,  18  (17),  6.     Of.  Latiae— viae,  9,  64,  2; 

Ausoniae — viae,  9, 101,  2 ;  Appia  (sc.  via),Hor.  Serm.  1,  5,  6. 
Flaminia  4,  64,  18 ;  6,  28,  5 ;  8,  75,  2 ;  9,  57,  5 ;  11,  13,  1. 

Cf.  Flaminia— via,  10,  6,  6. 
Salaria  4,  64,  18. 

Tecta  3,  5,  5 ;  8,  75,  2. 

vicis. 
alterna  5,  38,  10. 

vinum. 

acetum  7,  25,  5 ;  10,  45,  5 ;  11,  56,  7 ;  12,  48,  13 ;  13, 122,  tit,  1. 

Albanum  13,  109,  tit 

Caecubum  2,  40,  5;  3,  26,  3;  10,  98,  1;  11,  56,  11;  12,  17, 
6 ;  12,  60,  9 ;  13,  115,  tit.,  1.  Cf.  Caecuba— vindemia,  6, 
27,9. 

Caeretanum  13,  124,  tit,  1. 

caldum  14,  113,  1.      Cf.  calidum  bibunt,  Plaut  Cure.  293. 

defrutum  4,  46,  9.1 

Falernum  1,  18,  1.  5;  1,  71,  3;  1,  106,  3;  2,  40,  6;  3,  77,  8; 
5,  64,  1;  6,  27,  5;  7,  27,  8;  8,  55  (56),  14;  8,  77,  5;  9,  22, 
8;  9,  73,  5;  9,  93,  1;  10,  36,  5;  10,  66,  6;  11,  8,  7;  11,  26, 
3;  11,  36,  5;  11,  49  (50),  7;  12,  17,  5;  12,  70,  5;  13,  108, 
1;  13,  111,  tit;  13,  120,  2  (musta  Falerna)  ;  14,  113,  1; 
14,  170,  2,  Cf.  in  Falerno  colle,  12,  57,  22. 

Fundanum  13,  113,  tit,  1. 

1  Vinum  mustum  is  the  full  substantive. 


ADJECTIVES   USED   SUBSTANTIVELY.  19 

Mamertanum  13,  117,  tit. 

Marsicum  13,  121,  1. 

Massicum  3,  26,  3 ;  3,  49,  1 ;  4,  69,  1 ;  13,  111,  1.     Cf.  Massica 

cella,  1,  26,  8;  Massica — vina,  4,  13,  4. 
Massalitaruim  13,  123,  tit. 
merum  1,  11,  4;  1,  18,  6;  1,  28,  1;  1,  56,  2;  1,  105,  2;  1,  106, 

9 ;  3,  57,  2 ;  4,  66,  12 ;  5,  4,  3 ;  6,  89,  8 ;  8,  6,  12 ;  8,  33,  10 ; 

8,  45,  6;  9,  43,  4;  9,  61,  16;  9,  90,  16;  11,  57,  4;  11,  104, 

12;  12,  60,  8;  13,  23,  2;  13,  68,  2;  13,  108,  2;  14,  103,  2; 

14,  113,  2. 
mixtum  3,  57,  2. 

mulsum  9,  94,  2 ;  13,  6,  1 ;  13,  106,  2 ;  13,  108,  tit. ;  14,  127,  1. 
mustum  1,  18,  2;  3,  58,  50;  3,  82,  23;  6,  27,  7;  7,  28,  4;  11, 

18,  24;  13,  8,  2;  13,  113,  2;  13,  120,  2  (nmsta  Falerna). 
Nomentaimm  13,  119,  tit.      Cf.  Nomentana — lagona,  10,  48, 

19. 
Opimianum  9,  87,  1;  10,  49,  2.      Cf.  Opimianum — nectar,  3, 

82,    24;   testa — antiqui   felix — Opimi,    1,    26,    7;    annus — 

Opimi,  2,  40,  5 ;  Opimi  Caecuba,  3,  26,  3 ;  autumnus  Opimi, 

13,  113,  1. 

Paelignum  13,  121,  tit. 
passum  13,  106,  tit. 

picatum  13,  107,  tit.,  1.      Cf.  resinata — vina,  3,  77,  8. 
Sabinum  10,  49,  3. 
Setimmi  4,  69,  1;  6,  86,  1;  8,  50  (51),  19;  9,  2,  5;  12,  17,  5; 

13,  112,  tit;  13,  124,  1.      Cf.  Setini— trientes,  10,  14  (13), 

5 ;  Setinos — trientes,   14,  103,  1 ;  Setina — gleba,  9,  22,  3 ; 

clivi — Setini,  10,  74,  11 ;  Baccho,  quern  Setia  misit,  13,  23, 

1;  cellis  Setia  cara  suis,  10,  36,  6;  Setini — soli,  11,  29,  6. 
Signimim  13,  116,  tit,,  1. 
Spoletnmm  13,  120,  tit. ;  14,  116,  1. 
Surrenthram  13,  110,  tit,  1. 
Tarentinum  13,  125,  tit. 
Tarraconense  13,  118,  tit. 
Trifolinum  13,  114,  tit,  1. 


20  NOTES   ON    THE   SYNTAX   OF   MARTIAL. 

Vaticanum  6,  92,  3 ;  10,  45,  5.     Cf.  Vatican!— cadi,  12,  48,  14. 
Veientanum  1,  103,  9 ;  3,  49,  1.      Cf.  Veientana — uva,  2,  53,  4. 

vitis. 
vinea  3,  56,  1 ;  3,  65,  3 ;  9,  57,  7 ;  14,  49,  2. 

DOUBTFUL  CASES. 

aedificia  (?). 
praetoria  10,  79,  1. 
Saepta  2,  14,  5;  2,  57,  2;  9,  59,  1;  10,  80,  4. 

caelum  (?). 
nubila  6,  58,  4. 

loca  (P).1 
proxima  6,  27,  1. 
summa  8,  60,  1 ;  11,  46,  6. 
vicina  6,  43,  9. 

1  Possibly  no  substantive  is  felt  with  the  following  adjectives. 


CHAPTEE    II. 

1.     THE  PERFECT,  PLUPERFECT  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT  PAS- 
SIVE IN  fui,  fueram,  fuero. 

The  compound  tenses  passive  were  regularly  formed  by 
the  perfect  passive  participle  with  sum  (sim),  eram  (essem), 
and  ero.  The  participle,  however,  came  to  be  treated  fre- 
quently as  an  adjective  and  sum  as  the  verb,  thus  giving  the 
force  of  a  present,  imperfect,  or  future  tense.  To  make  the 
distinction  of  time  more  clear  and  precise,  fui,  fueram,  and 
fuero  were  often  joined  to  the  perfect  passive  participle  to 
form  respectively  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect 
tenses  passive.  This  periphrasis  with  fui  is  found  in  early 
Latin  without  distinction  in  meaning  from  the  perfect  parti- 
ciple with  sum,  though  it  never  gained  the  ground  that  the 
forms  of  the  perfect  passive  participle  with  fueram  and  fuero 
as  pluperfect  and  future  perfect  passive  gained.1  This  peri- 
phrasis was  specially  common  in  the  popular  speech.  Martial's 
usage  is  as  follows: 

Perfect  passive  in  fui. 
(1)   1,  43,  1.  2  Bis  tibi  triceni  fuimus,  Mancine,  vocati  \  et 

positum  est  nobis  nil  here  praeter  aprum. 

In  the  above  passage  we  have  an  example  of  the  correct  use 
of  fui,  i.  e.,  fuimus  is  the  verb  and  vocati  is  treated  as  an 
adjective.2  This  is  shown  by  the  presence  in  verse  2  of  the 

1  For  examples  of  the  correctly  distinguished  forms  of  fui  and  sum,  see 
Neue-Wagener3,  III,  p.  135  ff.;  for  incorrectly  distinguished  forms,  ibid., 
p.  139  ff.  For  the  perfect  in  fui,  see  Hist.  Gr.,  Ill,  pp.  173^176;  the 
pluperfect  in  fueram,  ibid.,  pp.  220,  221;  the  future  perfect  in  fuero, 
ibid.,  pp.  188,  189.  Statistics  as  to  the  use  of  these  forms  by  other 
writers  are  there  fully  given. 

2 The  Hist.  Gr.  (Ill,  p.  175),  explains  as:  wir  sind  frueher  eingeladen 
gewesen. 

21 


22  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF    MARTIAL. 

true  perfect  form,  positum  est.      The  meaning  is,  "  We  have 
been  three  hundred  invited  guests  of  yours  and  "  .  .  . 

(2)  4,  88,  3.  4  ergo  nee  argenti  sex  scripula  Septiciani  |  missa 
nee  a  querulo  mappa  eliente  fuit. 

This  is  a  correct  use  of  fui,  the  meaning  being,  "  Have  there 
been  then  no  sex  scripula  which  were  sent  to  you — missa  ad  te 
a  eliente — and  later  to  be  sent  on  to  me  ?  " 

(3)  6,  76,  2  credita  cui  summi  castra  fuere  ducis,  =  credita 
— sunt. 

(4)  8,  50  (51),  10  ab  hoc  mallet  vecta  fuisse  soror,  =  vecta 
esse. 

(5)  8,  77,  8  longior  huic  facta  est  quam  data  vita  fuit. 

This  a  correct  use  of  fuit,  since  the  time  of  data — fuit  is 
regarded  as  prior  to  that  of  facta  est. 

(6)  9,  56,  7  non  iaculo,  non  ense  fuit  laesusve  sagitta,  =  est 
laesusve. 

(7)  11,  87,  2  et  tibi  nulla  diu  femina  nota1  fuit. 
Here  nota  (or  nata)  is  an  adjective  and  fuit  the  verb. 

(8)  14,  35,  2  haec  quadringentis  milibus  empta  fuit,  =  empta 
est. 

Martial,  therefore,  uses  the  perfect  passive  participle  with 
forms  of  fui  eight  times,  four  of  which  are  for  the  simple  per- 
fect form.2 

Pluperfect  passive  in  fueram. 

(1)  1,  82,  4.  5  tectis  nam  modo  Regulus  sub  illis 

gestatus  fuerat  recesseratque,  =gestatus  erat,   as  the  plu- 
perfect recesserat,  with  which  it  is  coordinate,  shows. 

(2)  3,  52,  1  Empta  domus  fuerat  tibi — ducentis,  =  empta — 
erat,  as  the  dative  of  the  agent  tibi  would  seem  to  indicate. 

(3)  5,  23,   1  Herbarum  fueras  indutus — colores,  —eras  in- 
dutus. 

(4)  6,  15,  3.  4  sic  modo  quae  fuerat  vita  contempta  manente, 
funeribus  facta  est  nunc  pretiosa  suis. 

1Nota  is  the  reading  of  BA;  nata  of  O.     C'f.  Friedl.,  4,  83,  4,  and  note. 

2  Naturally  Martial  makes  frequent  use  of  the  regular  form  with  sum. 
Not  including  the  adjectival  use  of  the  participle,  but  inclusive  of  in- 
finitive forms,  I  have  counted  142  cases. 


PERFECT,    PLUPERFECT,    FUTURE   PERFECT   PASSIVE.       23 

Here  fuerat  is  used  correctly,  contempta  being  treated  as  an 
adjective. 

(5)  8,  33,  3  hac  fuerat  nuper  nebula  tibi  pegma  perunctum, 
=  erat — perunctum.      tibi  is  dative  of  agent ;  see  3,  52,  1 
above. 

(6)  12,  60,  4   (Mars)  qui  fueras  Latia  culius  in  urbe  mihi, 
=  eras — cultus.     On  mihi,  see  3,  52,  1  above. 

Martial,  therefore,  uses  the  pluperfect  passive  in  fueram 
five  times  as  opposed  to  three  times  for  the  form  with  eram 
(4,  11,  10;  7,47,  61;  8,13,1). 

Future  perfect  in  fuero. 

(1)  8,  6,  15  Miratus  fueris  cum  prisca  toreumata  multum,  |  in 
Priami  calathis  Astyanacta  bibes. 

Miratus  fueris  here  is  a  true  future  perfect,  as  the  future 
bibes  in  the  following  line  shows. 

(2)  9,  56,  9  quisquis  ab  hoc  fuerit  fixus  morietur  amore. 

A  true  future  perfect  as  the  following  future,  morietur, 
shows. 

Martial,  therefore,  uses  the  perfect  passive  participle  with 
fuero  twice  as  opposed  to  four  times  for  ero2:  1,  116,  4  hoc  erit 
Antullae  mixtus  uterque  parens;  5,  59,  4  fictilibus  nostris 
exoneratus  eris;  8,  38,  16  hoc  et  post  cineres  erit  tributum^', 
11,  65,  6  eras  mihi  natus  eris.4 

An  examination  of  the  forms  in  fuero  and  ero  respectively  in 
Martial  will  show  that  he  uses  the  fuero  form  as  a  true  future 
perfect  while  the  perfect  passive  participle  with  ero  forms  a 
simple  future,  i.  e.,  with  ero  the  participle  becomes  a  predicate 
adjective. 

Martial  does  not  use  fuerim  to  form  the  perfect  subjunctive 
passive.  He  uses  sim  nine  times  (1,  epist.,  5  ;  1,  11,  1 ;  4,  89,  5  ; 
6,  92,  1 ;  8,  epist,  12.  15 ;  10,  102,  1 ;  11,  57,  5  ;  14,  2,  3).5  Nor 

irThe  MSS.  are  corrupt  here.      See  Lindsay's  text. 

2  In  1,  39,  7  erit  and  subnixus  do  not  make  a  tense-form.      Cf.  ibid.,  1.  5, 

3  Possibly  a  noun  here. 

*  Cf.  Friedl.,  4,  83,  4,  and  note,  though  he  does  not  cite  this  passage. 
5  In  4,  17,  2  the  part,  is  an  adjective. 


24  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF   MARTIAL. 

does  lie  use  fuissem  with  the  perfect  passive  participle  to  form 
the  pluperfect  subjunctive  passive  though  he  uses  essem  three 
times  (1,  12,  8;  11,  82,  5;  14,  3,  1)  and  forem  four  times  (Sp. 
27,  6 ;  1,  99,  8 ;  8,  30,  7 ;  13,  103,  2.  Cf.  forem  alone  5,  39,  9 ; 
9,  7  (8),  1;  10,  32,  6;  10,  99,  1;  13,  28,  2;  13,  71,  2;  14, 
202,  2).  Martial  uses  the  future  participle  with  fuero  once 
as  equivalent  to  ero  (fueris  habiturus  2,  epist,  13)  while  with 
the  same  participle  he  uses  ero  twice  (positurus  erit,  11,  5,  10 ; 
rediturus  ero,  14,  181,  2.  Cf.  rediturus  earn,  2,  5,  4).  The 
gerundive  with  fuero  he  uses  once  and  that  correctly  (frangen- 
dus  fuerit,  12,  74,  10).  The  gerundive  with  ero  does  not  occur. 
Elsewhere  in  Martial  the  so-called  periphrastics  are  used  cor- 
rectly. 

2.     ON  THE  FORMS  -ris  AND  -re  IN  THE  SECOND  PERSON 
SINGULAR  OF  PASSIVE  AND  DEPONENT  VERBS.1 

Of  the  passive  forms  in  -ris  and  -re  in  the  second  person 
singular,  Martial  uses  -ris  152  times  to  -re  15  times.  In  Lind- 
say's text  the  form  in  -re  is  found  only  before  consonants,  the 
form  in  -ris  indifferently  before  vowels  and  consonants.  I  have 
arranged  the  forms  below  according  to  tenses,  conjugations, 
passive  or  deponent  forms.  In  this  classification  the  verbs 
delector,  foveor,  lavorf  luxurior,  mentior,  partior,  pascor,  videor 
have  been  treated  as  deponents,  while  fallor  has  been  treated  as 
a  passive. 

Forms  in  -ris. 

Passive  indicative  present. 

1st  conjugation:  2,  5,  5 ;  2,  44,  II2;  7,  76,  6;  12,  52,  5  (4). 
2d  conjugation:  1,  70,  1 ;  3,  44,  18 ;  6,  77,  5 ;  12,  96,  3 ;  14,  74, 

1(5). 
3d  conjugation:  1,  106,  2 ;  2,  18,  3 ;  3,  62,  8 ;  4,  69,  3 ;  6,  77,  5 ; 

JIn  dealing  with  these  forms  I  have  followed  the  text  of  Lindsay, 
noting  variant  MSS.  readings  as  they  occur.  For  the  use  of  these  forms 
by  other  writers  see  Neue-Wag3.,  Ill,  pp.  202-210. 


PERFECT,    PLUPERFECT,    FUTURE   PERFECT   PASSIVE.       25 

7,  47,  31;  8,  56  (54),  3;  10,  39,  4;  13,  85,  1;  14,  9,  2;  14, 

88,  22  (11). 

Passive  indicative  future. 
1st  conj.  (in  -bor)  :  7,  17,  10 3  (1). 
3d  conj.  (in  -ar) :  Sp.  3,  12 ;  2,  1,  74 ;  6,  58,  9 ;  7,  97,  13  (bis) 

(5). 

Passive  subjunctive  present. 

1st  conj.:  2,  44,  12;  6,  11,  10  (2). 

3d  conj.:  1,  43,  14;  5,  60,  5;  9,  29,  11  (3). 

Passive  subjunctive  imperfect. 
1st  conj.:  Sp.  8,  1  (1). 
3d  conj.:  6,  17,  4  (1). 

Deponent  indicative  present. 

1st  conj. :  1,  23,  1 ;  2,  89,  5 ;  3,  28,  1 ;  3,  75,  2 ;  3,  87,  3 ;  3,  95, 
13;  4,  7,  3;  5,  40,  2;  5,  73,  3;  6,  11,  2;  6,  20,  3;  6,  42,  1; 
6,  51,  1;  6,  81,  I5;  6,  89,  7;  7,  18,  4;  7,  35,  8;  8,  16,  3;  8, 
21,  1;  8,  55  (56),  3;  8,  69,  1;  9,  epist,  v.  6;  9,  9  (10),  2; 

9,  27,  9;  9,  42,  11;  9,  69,  2;  10,  45,  5;  10,  65,  6;  10,  84,  1; 

10,  96,  2;  11,  35,  3;  11,  38,  2;  11,  57,  1;  11,  75,  5;  11,  87, 
3;  11,  104,  11;  12,  51,  2;  13,  70,  1;  13,  74,  2  (39). 

2d  conj.:  1,  81,  1;  6,  22,  4;  6,  87,  1;  7,  35,  2;  8,  31,  1;  9,  35, 
1;  9,  52,  1;  10,  34,  1.  videris:  1,  41,  1.  15;  2,  epist.,  10; 
2,  1,  11;  3,  41  (40),  3 ;  7,  41,  1 ;  8,  64,  12  (15). 

3d  conj. :  1,  8,  2 ;  1,  89,  3  ;  1,  92,  9 ;  1,  97,  1 ;  2,  34,  2  ;  2,  61,  5 ; 
2,  85,  46 ;  3,  80,  I7;  4,  9,  2  ;  5,  1,  1 ;  5,  5,  28 ;  5,  41,  4;  5,  52, 
2 ;  5,  83,  1 ;  6,  9,  2 ;  6,  47,  29 ;  7,  35,  7 ;  7,  47,  10 ;  8,  64,  2 ; 

1  reddideris  CA. 

2decipere  vel-res  BA. 

'cantaveris  CA. 

<legeres  CA. 

Maveris  T  ex  coir,   (et  fort.  AA)  Lf  (et  fort.  BA). 

6queris  T. 

loqueris  AA. 
8fueris  ut  vid.  BA. 
9lavaris  T. 


26  NOTES    ON    THE    SYNTAX    OF    MARTIAL. 

8,  80,  21 ;  9,  27,  8;  9,  41,  2;  9,  47,  3;  10,  11,  1;  10,  88,  1; 

11,  24,  3;  11,  35,  3;  11,  39,  92  ;  11,  102,  5;  12,  23,  1;  12, 
27  (28),  2  (31). 

4th  conj. :  2,  53,  I3 ;  2,  69,  2 ;  3,  43,  1 ;  4,  19,  7 ;  6,  57,  1 ;  10, 
39,  2.  3;  11,  32,  7  (bis)  ;  12,  40,  1;  12,  53,  3  (11). 

Deponent  indicative  imperfect, 
2d  conj.:  1,  90,  5  (1). 
3d  conj.:  12,  32,  9  (1). 

Deponent  indicative  future. 
3d  conj.:  5,  78,  31;  6,  42,  2;  6,  42,  24;  10,  78,  8  (4). 

Deponent  subjunctive  present. 
1st  conj. :  3,  2,  9;  6,  42,  20;  8,  42,  34;  12,  epist.,  17;  12,  epist., 

24  (5). 

2d  conj.:  8,  3,  21;  10,  83,  10;  11,  55,  7;  11,  75,  7  (4)5. 
3d  conj. :  4,  54,  3 ;  5,  80,  5 ;  10,  7,  3 ;  10,  68,  9 ;  12,  14,  1 ; 

12,  24,  5  (6). 

Deponent  subjunctive  imperfect. 
3d  conj.:  3,  66,  4;  7,  18,  7  (2).6 

Forms  in  -re. 
Passive  indicative  future. 
1st  conj.:  2,  60,  37  (1). 
3d  conj.:  2,  55,  28  (1). 

Passive  subjunctive  present. 
1st  conj.:  7,  29,  39;  9,  37,  I10 ;  12,  62,  1511  (3). 

1  poteris  CA. 

2  queris  T. 
3libera  mentiri  CA. 
«laberis  CA. 

6  videaris  in  all  cases. 

6  loquereris  in  both  cases. 

7  castraveris   (-beris)   CA. 

8  coleris  BA  :  colere  CA. 

9  amare  CA. 

10  ornare  CA. 

11  amare   ( cum  L ) . 


PERFECT,    PLUPERFECT,    FUTURE    PERFECT    PASSIVE.       27 

3d  conj.:  10,  44,  9  (1). 

Deponent  indicative  future. 
3d  conj.:  11,  78,  9  (patiere)1;  12,  2  (3),  9  (2). 

Deponent  subjunctive  present. 
1st  conj.:  6,77,  6;  10,  70,  3  (2). 
2d  conj.:  9,  60,  5  (1). 
3d  conj.:  1,  3,  9 ;  2,  80,  2;  9,  42,  2;  14,  130,  1  (4). 

3.  ON  THE  PERFECT  INDICATIVE  ACTIVE,  THIRD  PLURAL, 
IN  -ere  AND  -erunt. 

With  regard  to  the  use  of  the  perfect  indicative  active,  third 
plural,  Martial  has  a  decided  preference  for  the  form  in  -ere, 
using  it  72  times  as  opposed  to  38  times  for  the  form  in  -erunt, 
or  the  contracted  -runt.  In  every  instance  but  one  (detinuere 
oculos,  2,  91,  4),  the  form  ending  in  -ere  is  used  before  a  con- 
sonant. A  form  in  -ere  does  not  end  a  line,  the  -erunt  form 
being  demanded  by  the  metre  as  making  a  more  sonorous  close. 
The  form  in  -erunt,  or  the  contracted  -runt,  is  used  23  times 
before  a  consonant  and  6  times  before  a  vowel  in  the  midst  of  a 
line  (1,  18,  4;  9,  61,  11;  10,  63,  6;  10,  71,  6;  11,  91,  7;  14, 
104,  1).  It  ends  a  line  9  times,  in  7  cases  of  which  the  follow- 
ing line  begins  with  a  consonant  (closing  a  line  where  the  fol- 
lowing one  begins  with  a  vowel:  1,  99,  7;  5,  65,  15).  So  np 
decisive  conclusions  can  be  drawn  as  to  the  use  of  -erunt  before 
vowels  and  consonants.  Norunt  (1,  104,  22;  4,  30,  4;  10,  2, 
12 ;  14,  90,  2 ;  14,  104,  1)  and  velarunt  (12,  42,  3)  are  the  only 
contracted  forms  in  the  perfect  indicative  active,  third  plural, 
occurring  in  Martial.  The  use  of  the  second  person  singular 
form,  -ris  and  -re,  and  the  third  plural  perfect  active  forms, 
-erunt  and  -ere,  in  Martial,  therefore,  present  a  parallel.  The 
forms  in  -ris2  and  -erunt  are  used  to  close  lines  and  -re  and  -ere 

i  piere  ut  vid.  O  (i.  e.,  patiere)    (piere  EX,  periere  A). 

*  With  the  exception  of  2,  55,  2,  where  (in  Lindsay's  text)  a  form  in  -re 
closes  a  line.  In  2,  60,  3  a  form  in  -re  comes  before  a  full  stop  in  the 
midst  of  a  line.  No  definite  conclusions  can  be  drawn  from  these  two 
cases,  however,  as  there  is  MS  authority  for  forms  in  -ris  ( see  above ) . 


28  NOTES    ON    THE   SYNTAX   OF   MARTIAL. 

(with  one  exception,  2,  91,  4)  are  used  only  before  consonants.1 

Forms  in  -ere. 
1st  conj.r  Sp.  3,  7;  Sp.  29,  8;  2,  29,  3;  4,  35,  3;  10,  103, 

10  (5). 
2d  conj.:  Sp.  3,  82;  1,  18,  7;  2,  40,  7;  2,  91,  4;  4,  29,  4;  4, 

35,  5;  5,  10,  9;  5,  19,  4;  5,  23,  2;  6,  59,  43 ;  7,  37,  7;  7, 

80,  24;  9,  61,  15;  9,  73,  7;  11,  36,  4;  12,  42,  3;  12,  74, 

8  (17). 
3d  conj. :  Sp.  29,  8 ;  Sp.  30,  4.  8 ;  1,  4,  3 ;  1,  18,  3 ;  1,  22,  2 ; 

I,  48,  1;  1,  103,  4;  4,  35,  6;  4,  54,  6;  5,  9,  3;  5,  67,  3.  4; 
6,  59,  5;  7,  54,  6;  8,  52,  35 ;  9,  7  (8),  9;  9,  20,  76 ;  9,  59,4; 
9,  61,  22;  9,  68,  3;  9,  103,  6;  10,  33,  9;  10,  34,  2;  10,  58, 
4;  11,  54,  5;  12,  6,  10  (27). 

4th  conj.:  Sp.  3,  9;  3,  91,  5;  12,  70,  7  (3). 

Irregular  and  defective  verbs, 
coepere:  10,  29,  5  (1). 
coiere:  7,  74,  8;  9,  71,  27  (2). 
dedere:  4,  44,  4;  9,  13  (12),  4;  12,  6,  4  (3). 
fuere:  4,  66,  16;  4,  88,  2;  6,  76,  2;  8,  54  (53),  1.  2;  8,  80,  8; 

II,  69,  8;  12,  34,2.4  (9). 
potuere:  7,  19,  3  (1). 
transiere:  5,  84,  6  (1). 

tulere:  5,  78,  20;  6,  70,  8;  7,  53,  10  (3). 

Forms  in  -erunt. 
1st  conj.:  velarunt,  12,  42,  3   (1). 

iFor  the  use  of  -erunt  and  -ere  in  other  writers,  see  Neue-Wag5.,  Ill, 
pp.  191-198;  note  by  Woelfflin,  A.  L.  L.,  XIV,  part  4,  p.  478;  for  Livy 
and  Virgil,  article  by  E.  P.  Lease,  Am.  Jour.  Phil.,  XXIV  (1903),  p.  408  ff. 

2  madeo. 

8  tepeo. 

*  conticeo. 

6  contingere  codd. 

6cureexere  (EA)  vel  Curti  texere   (X)   CA. 

7  coiere  AA  (coire  T)  BA:  posuere  CA. 


PERFECT,    PLUPERFECT,   FUTURE   PERFECT    PASSIVE.       29 

2d  conj. :  1,  103,  41 ;  4,  73,  6 ;  5,  10,  8 ;  10,  71,  6 ;  12,  77,  4  (5). 
3d  conj.:  Sp.  21,  3 ;  1,  18,  4;  3,  7,  5 ;  4,  51,  4;  6,  64,  172;  7, 

19,  5;  7,  20,  17;  7,  96,  4;  9,  61,  11;  9,  65,  4;  10,  63,  6;  11, 

91,  7.      norunt:  1,  104,  22;  4,  30,  4;  10,  2,  12;  14,  90,  2; 

14,  104,  1  (17). 
4th  conj.:  7,  53,  7;  8,  71,  4;  11,  52,  11;  13,  28,  1;  13,  111, 

1(5). 

Irregular  and  defective  verbs. 

coeperunt:  12,  90,  5  (1). 
dederunt:  1,  99,  7;  5,  65,  15;  14,  43,  1  (3). 
defuerunt:  12,  42,  43  (1). 
fuerunt:  1,  54,  5 ;  5,  16,  11 ;  9,  59,  15  (3). 
perierunt:  2,  64,  5  (1). 
tulerunt:  8,  71,  5  (1). 
4.     ON  PROHIBITIVES  IN  MARTIAL  IN  THE  SECOND  PERSON. 

(1)  Bennett,    C.   E.      Critique   of   some   recent   Subjunctive 
Theories,  Cornell  Studies  in  Classical  Philology,  IX  (1898), 
pp.  48-65. 

(2)  Clement,  Willard  K.      Prohibitives  in  Silver  Latin,  Am. 
Jour.  Phil.,  XXI  (1900),  pp.  154-169. 

(3)  Elmer,  H.  C.      The  Latin  Prohibitive,  Am.  Jour.  Phil., 
XV   (1894),  p.  133  ff.;  review  of  (1),  Am.  Jour.  Phil., 
XXI  (1900),  pp.  80-91. 

(4)  Geddes,  W.  D.     The  Sequence  after  Ne  Prohibitive,  Class. 
Kev.,  XII  (1898),  p.  355  ff.;  p.  395  if. 

(5)  Postgate,  J.  P.     Ne  Prohibitive  with  the  Second  Person  of 
the  Present   Subjunctive   in   Classical   Latin,    Jour.    Phil., 
XVIII  (1889-1890),  pp.  326,  327. 

To  express  prohibitions  in  the  second  person,  Martial  uses 
the  imperative  with  ne  (nee),  the  infinitive  with  noli,  the 
present  subjunctive  with  cave  (ne)  and  vide  (ne),  and  the 
present  and  perfect  subjunctive  with  various  negatives.  Of 

1aiserunt  CA  (miserunt  A2). 
2fixerunt  BA  CA. 

3  defuerunt  (P  ante  corr.  fF)  vel  -ant  (P  ex  corr.  Q)  BA  (om.  L)  : 
defuerunt  (E)  vel  -int  (X)  CA. 


30         NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

the  above  methods,  the  most  frequent  in  classical  prose  is  noli 
with  the  infinitive.  In  Elmer's  treatment  of  the  Latin  Pro- 
hibitive, an  attempt  was  made  to  distinguish  between  the  present 
and  perfect  subjunctives,  giving  to  the  latter  some  special  excite- 
ment or  emotion.  Subsequent  investigation,  however,  has 
tended  to  cast  some  discredit  on  Elmer's  theory,1  the  view  com- 
monly held  now  being  that  the  distinction  between  the  two 
tenses  is  that  between  durative  and  momentary  (aoristic)  ac- 
tion. In  his  article  on  Prohibitives  in  Silver  Latin,2  Clement 
has  included  Martial,  with  the  omission  of  some  instances,3  how- 
ever. '  Martial's  usage  follows4  : 

1.  Ne  (nee)  +  imperative5:  3,  2,  12  (nee — timeto)  ;  4,  14,  11- 
(nee — lege)  ;  5,  10,  11  (ne  festinate)  ;  5,  48,  7  (ne  propera 
— ne  crede) ;  6,  27,  5  (ne  parce)  ;  7,  93,  7  (nee  abutere)  ; 
8,  59,  3  (ne  contemne)  ;  12,  55,  3  (ne  date)  ;  13,  110,  1.  2 
(nee — sume);  14,  69   (68),  1  (ne  percute)  ;  14,  97,  1  (ne 
viola)  ;  14,  178,  1  (ne  sperne). 

2.  Noli  +  infinitive :    1,    24,   4    (nolito — credere);    1,    91,    2 
(carpere — noli)  ;  2,  epist,  8.  9  (noli — facere — inducere)  ;  2, 
74,  4  (invidere  nolito)  ;  3,  31,  5  (fastidire — noli)  ;  4,  38,  2 
(noli — negare)  ;  5,  57,  1  (noli — placere)  ;  7,  76,  5  (nolito — 
placere)  ;  9,  8  (9),  3  (queri— noli)  ;  10,  90,  9.  10  (noli— 
vellere)  ;  11,  13,  2  (noli — praeterire)  ;  11,  14,  1   (nolite — 
sepelire). 

3.  Cave  (ne)  +  pres.  sub. :  6,  78,  3  (bibas  caveto)  ;  6,  79,  1 
(sciat  hoc  Fortuna  caveto)  ;  7,  15,  6  (ne  velit  ipse  cave)  ; 

1Hist.  Gr.  der  lat.  Spr.,  Ill,  pp.  128  and  197. 

f  See  bibliography  above. 

3 1  have  noted  the  following  not  included  by  Clement :  ne  +  imperative : 
5,  10,  11;  14,  69  (68),  1.  Negatived  pres.  subj.:  5,  73,  4;  6,  28,  10;  6,  63, 
8;  10,  33,  7.  8;  11,  99,  8;  12,  34,  10;  13,  2,  7;  13,  107,  2;  13,  126,  1. 
Neg.  perf.  subj.:  1,  92,  13;  7,  55,  2. 

4  For  other  writers  see  Hist.  Gr.  der  lat.  Spr.,  Ill,  pp.  197-199,  and 
articles  given  above;  for  Statius,  not  included  in  the  Hist.  Gr.,  see  Clement. 

6  Clement  has  adopted  the  reading  hos  ne  puta,  3,  26,  5.  AA  BA  reads 
hoc  me  puta,  which  Lindsay  follows,  nee  me  puta,  Madvig  Advers.  crit., 
II,  163. 


PERFECT,    PLUPERFECT,    FUTURE   PERFECT    PASSIVE.       31 

10,    72,    12.    13    (caveto — loquaris) ;    11,    102,    7    (audiat 
aedilis  ne  te  videatque  caveto). 

4.  Vide  (ne)  +  pres.  subj. :  6,  21,  4  (ne — pecces — vide)  ;  10, 
20  (19),  12.  13  (ne— pulses— videto)  ;  14,  131,  2  (ne  fias— 
vide) . 

5.  Negatived  pr.  subj.5 :  1,  35,  14  (nee — velis)  ;  1,  54,  4  (nee — 
recuses)  ;  1,  70,  13   (ne  metuas)  ;  1,  117,  13   (nee  roges)  ; 
4,  20,  3   (nee— possis)  ;  4,   59,   5    (ne— placeas)  ;   5,  73,  4 
(dones — ne)  ;  6,  28,  10  (nil  fleas)  ;  6,  63,  8  (des — nihil)  ; 
7,  26,  2  (ne— accedas)  ;  9,  61,  20  (ne  metuas)  ;  10,  33,  7.  8 
(nee — contendas)  ;    10,   70,   11    (nee — possis)  ;    10,    78,    15 
(nee — praeferas)  ;  11,  55,  2   (ne  credas)  ;  11,  99,   8   (nee 
surgas — nee  sedeas)  ;  12,  Epist,  17  (ne  mireris)  ;  12,  14  2 
(nee— eas)  ;  12,  34,  10  (nulli  te  facias  nimis  sodalem)  ;  13, 
2,  7  (ne  perdas)  ;  13,  10,  1   (nee — possis)  ;  13,  66,  1   (ne 
violes)  ;  13,  107,  2  (ne  dubites)  ;  13, 126,  1  (nee— relinquas)  ; 
14,  98,  1  (ne  spernas). 

6.  Negatived  perf.  subj. :  1,  92,  13  (nee  dixeris)  ;  2,  68,  3  (ne 
— dixeris)  ;  5,  6,  16  (nee  porrexeris)  ;  5,  34,  9.  10  (nee — 
fueris);   6,   64,   27.   28    (nee— temptaveris) ;    7,   10,   8    (ne 
dederis  crediderisve)  ;  7,  55,  2  (nee — dederis  remiserisque)  ; 
7,   60,   6    (ne  suscensueris)  ;   14,   218    (217),   1.   2    (nee— 
addideris). 

5 10,  47,  13,  nee  metuas — nee  optes,  are  not  cases  of  the  prohibitive  subj., 
though  Clement  so  takes  them. 


CHAPTER    III. 

SOME  USES  OF  ab,  de,  AND  ex  IN  MARTIAL. 

1.  ab. 

As  to  form,  Martial  follows  closely  the  general  rule  of  his 
time  that  ab  should  be  used  before  vowels  and  h,  a  before  con- 
sonants.1 In  9,  101,  8,  a(ab)  Stygia — aqua,  there  is  MS. 
authority  for  both  a  and  ab.2  In  strict  conformity  to  rule,  we 
find  a  before  i-consonant  (absit  a  ^ocorum — simplicitate,  1, 
epist,  6.  7),  ab  before  i-vowel  (ab  lade,3  1,  34,  7).  There  is, 
then,  in  Martial  no  real  exception  to  the  rule  stated  above. 

In  some  cases  Martial  uses  ab  with  the  ablative  to  denote 
means : 

cornuto  ut  ab  ore  petitus,  Sp.  19,  3.4 
omnis  ab  infuso  numeretur  arnica  Falerno,  1,  71,  3. 
qua  plures  teneantur    a  catena,  12,  43,  9.5 
levis  ab  aequorea  cortex  Mareotica  concha  \  fiat,  14,  209,  1. 

This  is  not  uncommon  elsewhere6 : 
Cic.  fam.,  5,  2,  10  desertus  ab  officiis  tuis. 
Caes.  B.  G.,  3,  13  ab  aestu  relictae  (naves). 
Liv.  25,  23,  8  captus  ab  Romanis  navibus. 
Ovid.  Art.  Amat,,  I,  763  hie  jaculo  pisces,  illic  capiuntur  ab 

hamis. 

2.  De. 

(1)   de  nobis  facile  est,  scelus  est  iugulare  Falernum 
et  dare  Campano  toxica  saeva  mero,  1, 18,  5. 
Martial  has  been  upbraiding  a  certain  man  for  mixing  cheap 

1 W.  M.  Lindsay,  Lat.  Lang.,  p.  577. 
2 a  BA:  ab  CA.     Lindsay,  a:  Friedl.,  ab. 

3ab  iade  BA:  ab  laude  CA  (pro  lade)  ;  Laide  Ital.   (del.  ab). 
*  Friedl.'s  reading.     The  MSS.  are  corrupt. 
B  a  om.  CA. 

6  J.  C.  Rolfe,  Prep,  ab,  A.  L.  L.,  X,  p.  465  ff.;  Hale  &  Buck,  Lat.  Gr.,  sect. 
406,  b;  Draeg2.,  I,  p.  549  (sect.  230). 

32 


SOME    USES   OF   AB,   DE   AND   EX.  33 

wine  with  old  Falernian.      The  meaning  seems  to  be  that  it  is 
all  right  so  far  as  we  are  concerned  to  kill  us  off,  but  don't  be 
strangling  the  Falernian  wine.      Some  parallel  cases1  are: 
De  me,  mi  certe  poteris  formosa  videri,  Propert.  3,  11,  7. 
Sed  de  me  minus  est,  Propert.  3,  30  (32),  21. 
Et  de  ceteris  facile  est,  quos  nee  editos  nee  amissos  civitas  sensit, 
Seneca,  Cons,  ad  Marciam,  16,  3. 

(2)  palmam  Callimachus,  Thalia,  de  se 
facundo  dedit  ipse  Brutiano,  4,  23,  4.  5. 

The  meaning  is  that  Callimachus  has  given  his  own  palm  to 
another.  De  is  here  used  with  the  substantive  palmam  very 
much  like  the  French  '  de  '  and  the  English  preposition  '  of.7 
A  slightly  similar  passage  is,  sic  palmam  tibi  de  trigone  nudo  \ 
unctae  det  favor  arbiter  coronae,  7,  72,  9.  10.  Compare,  also, 
victoria  nostra  |  Cypron  Idumaes  referat  de  Pallade  palmas, 
Sil.  Ital.,  7,  455-6. 

(3)  de  cute  quid  faciant  ille  vel  ille  sua,  7,  10,  2. 

"  What  care  you  what  this  or  that  fellow  does  with  his  own 
hide  ?"      This  construction  is  common  without  a  preposition, 
e.  g.,  quid  hoc  homine  facias,  Cic  Sest  13,  29. 
nescit  quid  faciat  auro,  Plaut.  Bacc.  334. 

With  a  preposition2 : 
Ter.  Ad.  996  sed  de  fratre  quid  fiet? 
Cic.  fam.  9,  17,  1  quid  de  nobis  futurum  sit 
Liv.  5,  203  quid  de  praeda  faciendum. 

(4)  lauti  de  petasone  vorent,  13,  54,  2. 

"  Let  the  rich  eat  greedily  of  the  pork,"  akin  to  the  English 
idiom. 

(5)  De  with  towns  depending  on  nouns: 
de  Gadibus3  inprobus  magister,  1,  41,  12. 
de  Gadibus  inprobis  puellae,  5,  78,  26. 

With  a  verb: 

1  See  Friedl/s  note  where  other  parallel  passages  are  cited. 
2Draeg2.  I,  629  (4). 
3  cadibus  cod. 


34  NOTES    ON    THE   SYNTAX   OF   MARTIAL. 

haec  de  vitifera  venisse  picata  Vienna  \  ne  dubites,  13,  107",  1. 

(6)  De  with  substantives  corresponding  in  meaning  to  the 
French  '  de/  the  English  '  of  n  : 

de  tardis — vitibus  uvae,  1,  43,  3. 

de  triclinio  lectus,  3,  93,  24. 

mensis  anaglypta  de  paternis,  4,  39,  8. 

de  plebe  donrus,  6,  29,  1. 

de  palmite — racemos,  6,  49,  9. 

(brattea)  de  fulcro — tuo,  8,  33,  6. 

grege  de — manus,  8,  50  (51),  18. 

quadra  de  placenta,  9,  90,  18. 

de  Cappadocis  eques  catastis,  10,  76,  3. 

de  plebe — verna,  10,  76,  4. 

de  moneta — decem  flavos,  12,  65,  6. 

(volva)  de  virgine  porca,  13,  56,  1. 

gravi  de  sue  volva,  13,  56,  2. 

de  primo — trifolina  Lyaeo,  13,  114,  1. 

Denoting  material: 
pulpam  dubio  de  petasone,  3,  77,  6. 
ceromata  faece  de  Sabina,  4,  4,  10. 
de  praetoricia  folium — corona,  8,  33,  1. 
lanterna  de  vesica,  14,  62,  tit. 

(7)  De  meaning  '  at  the  price  of  ' : 

et  tua  de  nostro  (sc.  pretio) — Thalia  tacet,  7,  46,  4. 
licebit  |  de  nostro  (sc.  pretio) — centies  laveris,  8,  42,  3. 
de  nostra  prasina  est  synthesis  empta  toga,  10,  29,  4. 

(8)  de  denoting  '  means  '  developed  from  an  original  idea  of 


(  source 


quae  de  sanguine  thynni  |  testa  rubet,  4,  88,  5.  6. 
pollice  de  Pylio  trita  columba  nitet,  8,  6,  10. 
nee  quae  Strymonio  de  grege  ripa  sonat,  9,  29,  8. 
et  madidum  thynni  de  sale  sumen  erit,  10,  48,  12. 
de  bibula  sarta  palude  teges,  11,  32,  2. 
sanguine  de  nostro  tinctas — lacernas,  13,  87,  1. 
aHand,  Turs.,  II,  p.  202,  sect.  16. 


SOME    USES    OF   AB,   DE   AND   EX.  35 

hos  nisi  de  flava  loculos  implere  moneta  \  non  decet,  14,  12,  I.1 
aquam — rigentem  (recentem)2  |  de  nive,  14,  117,  2. 
ebria  Sidoniae — de  sanguine  conchae,  14,  154,  1. 

3.     Ex. 

As  to  form,  Martial  uses  ex  before  vowels  and  h,  both  e  and 
ex  before  consonants.      The  usage  before  consonants  follows: 
Ex:  ex  qua,  Sp.  3,  2 ;  ex  Chattis,  2,  2,  6;  ex  me,  2,  59,  2;  ex 

nostris,  2,  71,  2 ;  ex  pecore,  4,  37,  5 ;  ex  Manilla,  6,  39,  1 ; 

ex  concubino,  6,  39,  13;  ex  qua — causa,  8,  23,  4;  ex  quo,  8, 

40,  3;  ex  qua,  11,  15,  9  (10). 
E:  e  sacra — via,  2,  63,  2;  e  populo,  5,  13,  10;  e  popina,  5,  84, 

4;ecuruli,3  11,  98,  18  (4). 

An  examination  of  the  above  will  show  that  c  and  p  are  the 
only  consonants  before  which  both  e  and  ex  are  used : 
c:  ex  concubino,  6,  19,  13;  e  curuli,  11,  98,  18  (ex  1,  e  1). 
p:  ex  pecore,  4,  37,  5;  e  populo,  5,  13,  10;  e  popina,  5,  84,  4 

(ex  1,  e  2). 

Of  the  remaining  initial  consonants  in  the  above  instances, 
cht  m,  n,  and  q  have  ex  alone  (q  four  times:  ex  qua,  Sp.  3,  2 ; 
ex  qua — causa,  8,  23,  4;  ex  quo,  8,  40,  3;  ex  qua,  11,  15,  9. 
m  twice :  ex  me,  2,  59,  2 ;  ex  Marullo,  6,  39,  1.  ch  once :  ex 
Chattis,  2,  2,  6.  n  once:  ex  nostris,  2,  71,  2).  s  has  e  alone 
(once:  e  sacra — via,  2,  63,  2).  Hand4  says  no  other  rule  can 
be  laid  down  for  the  forms  e  and  ex  than  that  e  is  not  used 
before  vowels  and  thinks  any  attempt  to  distinguish  between  the 
use  of  e  and  ex  before  consonants  fruitless.  In  answer  to  the 
question  whether  ex  or  e  is  used  before  consonants  in  Quintilian, 

1If  moneta  means  *  money*;  if  'mint/  the  construction  is  separation. 
Cf.  12,  65,  6.  See  Hand.  Turs.  II,  p.  225. 

•recentem  AA:  rigentem  BA  CA.  If  former,  'separation';  if  latter, 
'  means.' 

*Et  te  BA  ut  vid.  (et  te  P,  et  de  Qf;  versum  om.  L.).  Friedl.  reads  c 
in  four  other  cases:  e  silva,  3,  58,  35  (de  silva,  Linds.;  e  silva,  Rooy)  ;  e 
lamnisve,  5,  19,  12  ( flammarisve,  Linds.;  e  lammisve  Tagi,  Munro)  ;  e 
cubili,  10,  3'0,  17  (a  cubili,  Linds.);  e  mensa,  12,  28  (29),  12  (a  mensa, 
Linds.). 

«Turs.  II,  p.  613. 


36         NOTES  ON  THE  SYNTAX  OF  MARTIAL. 

Hirt1  says  the  common  form  is  ex,  though  instances  of  e  are 
found.  In  all  authors  there  are  stereotyped  forms  of  expres- 
sion: e  (seldom  ex)  vestigio,  ex  (not  e)  tempore,  ex  (not  e) 
quo,,  e  (not  ex)  re  publics,  e  (not  ex)  regione,  ex  (not  e)  parte. 
Quintilian,  as  Hirt  shows,  constantly  writes  in  accordance  with 
the  above  ex  parte,  e  re  publica,  and  ex  tempore.  Before  b  he 
uses  ex  only;  before  c,  88  ex,  10  e;  before  d,  49  ex,  4  e;  before 
f,  14  ex,  I  e;  before  g,  17  ex,  2  e;  before  li,  ex  alone  (71  times)  ; 
before  i-consonant,  6  ex,  no  e;  before  Z,  23  ex,  6  e;  before  w, 
40  ex,  4  e;  before  n,  15  ex,  \e;  before  p,  91  ex,  4  e;  before  q,  65 
e#,  no  e;  before  r,  24  e#,  2  e;  before  s,  38  ex,  4  e;  before  £,35 
ex,  3  e;  before  f,  31  ex,  3  e. 

(1)  e#  with  sustantives  in  prepositional  phrases: 
idem  to  moriens  heredem  ex  asse  reliquit,  3,  10,  5. 
Heredem  Fabius  Labienum  ex  asse  reliquit,  7,  66,  1. 

Compare : 

heredem — partis — quartae,  9,  48,  1. 

Gaium  Octavium  ex  dodrante,  et  Lucium  Pinarium  et  Quintum 
Pedium  ex  quadrante  reliquo,  Suet.  Caes.  83. 

(2)  ex  denoting  source  with  added  idea  of  agent: 
quae  datur  ex  Chattis  laurea,  tota  tua  est,  2,  2,  6. 

pater  ex  Manilla — factus  es  septem  |  non  liberorum,  6,  39,  2. 

Compare : 
gravida  e  Pamphilost,  Ter.  Andr.  216. 

Ueber  die  Substantivierung  des  Adjektivums  bei  Quintilian,  p.  7,  n.  1. 


YC  00550 


LowtHer 
165262 


